Your Reaction Time May Be Slower Than You Think

Have you ever thought about your reaction time as a function of how data is presented to you? For example, try driving a specific speed, let’s say 35 mph. If you have a needle on the speedometer indicating the speed, you can easily see a change when the needle moves either up or down. Your eye is really quite sensitive to minor needle changes, such as 1 mph. If however, you had a digital speedometer, I had one once, a minor change would be harder to detect. Your eye does not have a visual structure such as the speedometer needle to follow, but merely some numbers in motion. Watching a series of numbers change does not give an indication of direction, as does the needle. By that I mean, needle moves left, you are slowing, to the right going faster.

An excellent example of some aircraft instruments that give both types of information  on one gage. The first was a cylinder temperature gage that incorporated both digital and analog data. Very impressive. Also, other data was presented similarly, with both analog and digital info*.

 I would like to offer some caution to those of you who fly an “All Glass Cockpit”. I just reviewed a 2008 NTSB report warning about the loss of electrical power due to malfunctions in the electric distribution system in some airline models **.  Rather than go into details mentioned in the article, I’ll let the reader go there. I would again warn against complacency in the cockpit. Be prepared to take over by using your back up analog instruments when the screens go black. Although, the glass cockpit has reduced the number of general aviation accidents, the fatality rate seems to have increased.

Finally, I am still puzzled by the number of runway and taxiway accidents that occur regularly. Just go to the FAA accident site and read through some of the incidents. They range from hitting a runway or taxiway light to dropping off the end of long runways. On the ramp, there are injuries and damage due to propeller strikes. It all seems related to inattention or being distracted. Are you texting while performing some critical or even routine operation? Although multitasking is often required, it can be our worst enemy. All it takes is a millisecond or two of distraction and wham, disaster. So, stay focused on the job at hand, and plan ahead.

 If there are thoughts or comments about any of this, please share by clicking on Comments.

*www.lightflying.com.au/index.htm
** NTSB Safety Recommendation A-08-53 through -55 Retrieved on 14 April 2012.
***Wikipedia-See under Glass Cockpit sub paragraph- Safety

Are You Guaranteed protection From A Collision When ON ATC's Radar...

When flying VFR either with or without a flight plan, are you guaranteed  protection from a collision with ground based objects as towers or hills, when on ATC’s radar screen? No you are not. Unless you are on an IFR flight plan and communicating with an ATC facility, ATC has no responsibility for warning you of danger ahead.  

A recent accident, taken from the FAA accident file offers a clear example of this. An ATP pilot with 22,000 hours of flight time, flying a King Air C-90 was on a repositioning flight from a nearby Pennsylvania airport to Morganton,WV (MGW). The trip was of no more than about 30 miles, tops 15 minutes in a King Air. No flight plan had been filed. The pilot initially climbed to 3100 ft.  Before entering the MGW airspace, the pilot called Clarksburg Approach Control approach control and was given a discrete transponder code.  Approximately 9 miles east of the airport the controller advised the pilot he was “Radar Contact”. At that time the plane was at 3100 ft and began descent to 3000ft. Not soon after the plane struck a communications tower.

Had the pilot filed an IFR flight plan, ATC would almost certainly have warned the pilot of the ground hazard and/or given immediate vectors around it. The other thing seemingly missing from this pilots flight bag was a current VFR map. Had the pilot studied the map before taking off, or even enroute, he would have noted the presence of two towers east of his destination. The highest one had an elevation of 2651 ft with other high ones around and mountains just over 3000 ft in elevation slightly to the north.

Now that we are in the midst of a very hot summer, we should all be prepared for the inevitable thunderstorm somewhere along our route of flight. Reviewing another recent accident, this one in Florida, should cause anyone who thinks about penetrating an area of moderate or severe thunderstorm activity, to think again.

A Pilatus aircraft flown by a private pilot with instrument rating took off midday from Lake Wales enroute Junction City Kansas. He filed for 26000 ft ( must be nice to have a turboprop). Not soon after takeoff not yet at flight level 260, Center advised the pilot of an area of precipitation with moderate, heavy and extreme echoes. The latter two are worthy of note. He was advised to deviate to the right and advise center when clear of the weather etc. Well, reading the description of the ensuing flight, it  sounds as if the pilot got into more than he could handle and ended up spinning, with loss of control, ending up in a pile of wreckage with all dead.

The message here is that even if you have onboard radar*, don’t assume that you can see through all the bad stuff and sort it all out. I don’t think even the big guys with the best radars can penetrate, or would try to bust through a storm that contains extreme echoes (meaning severe turbulence, icing and hail,?tornado)**. This kind of weather is more appropriately handled by a 180 degree turn, and a rescheduled flight, when encountered by a relatively slow non-airliner type plane. The moral: you can’t always continue, but may have to land and reconsider things. Always leave yourself an out!
So, as always, fly safely and well, and be mentally prepared for what may lie ahead.

Some interesting reference articles on the topic of flying with thunderstorms around are:
*On A Mission: Best Practices ON Thunderstorm Avoidance; www.AviationSafetyMagazine.com

**Various blogs about dealing with thunderstorms, Nexrad vs on board radar etc; www.AVWeb .com, Jun3, 2012-AvWeb Insider

PS- Almost all the articles say:Nexrad for strategy,airborne radar for close in work. But all say bewary.

Cleared To Land

My recent visit to the Charlotte ATC* (air traffic control) facilities was something I have had on my wish list a long time. It was worth waiting for. I was given a complete tour, including the tower, radar facilities and even the simulation room. My host was Jim Koon, Air Traffic Control Specialist.

We started out on the lower levels, which included approach and departure control facilities. Walking into the dark radar room took a bit of adjustment because it was so dark. But once my eyes adapted to the low light level, I could take in the setting. There were many contollers seated in front of an individual radar display with others closely standing by or supervising.  I was advised that the radar systems had all been upgraded to digital, which explained why the details on the screens were so sharp. Each operator is responsible for a sector (like a piece of pie). I believe this is true for both approach and departure.  Each blip on a screen represents an airplane. The flight number or N number of the plane, its airspeed and altitude are noted under the blip. This allows the controller to keep a watchful eye on all the planes on his/her screen. This can be particularly important in the high density traffic areas, where a misunderstood ATC instruction could lead to a possible accident.   

As an example of this, I’ll relate an incident that I remember when I was inbound on an ILS in low IFR conditions. For some reason, I didn’t begin my descent at the proper time. The radar controller noted my altitude was too high for my location on the approach, so issued me a go around. I had overrun the outer marker, the point where I should have begun my descent. The controller alerted me to my error and saved a possible accident. Several years ago a local businessman’s twin turboprop crashed into a mountain as the pilot failed to initiate an approach at the proper time. They apparently were not communicating with an ATC facility, and so didn’t have anyone watching over them. Bad luck for them.

Well, back to the ATC facility. In the same area where all the radar operators were located, there was a giant map of the United States which displayed all incoming flights to the Charlotte area over the next eight or so hours. Way up in the right hand corner several overseas flights from Europe were posted, and on the left side some from California and Asia. This information is used for planning purposes.

Also downstairs was a simulator room where personnel are trained for the various positions. This was most impressive. All conditions of weather and lighting could be simulated. All the various instrument approaches could be simulated. Also landing and departure emergencies, such as an engine out etc. could be practiced. As a plus they are able to display the simulated views from the cockpit of a plane landing on any runway. This is a wonderful safe and effiecient way to train controllers for any eventuality.

My final visit was to the tower. We rode the elevator partway. Then it was up two flights of narrow stairs, like those found on Navy ships, and we were there. A large spacious area with 360 degree views of the airport and environs. There must have been a dozen or so operators, all with a specific area of responsibility. This of course includes:  handling all arriving and departing aircraft as well as taxiing aircraft and ancillary vehicles. Due to the large expanse of the airport, there are two fire department stations spaced on opposite sides of the airport.

Now that you have an idea what an ATC facility consists of, I am going to offer some advice to pilots as to what are the “extras” that ATC personnel can offer. While at the facility, I discussed at some length, the things that can be offered to a pilot with a problem. For example, let’s say that you have a low fuel indication. If you let the controller know in enough time he/she can offer you vectors to the nearest facility suitable for your plane to land on. Other inflight emergencies as: smoke in the cockpit, control or engine problems can be similarly handled. The key point here, is that the sooner you notify them, the sooner they can start to help. Frequently time is of the essence so don’t wait

Enjoy your flying, and if in doubt give a shout. Fly well and safely.

·         For a complete discussion of ATC, including things like aircraft call signs, various types of communication between aircraft and ATC etc. look at: Wikipedia Air Traffic Control.

When The Clouds Are Low And I Hear The Planes Flying

When the clouds are low and I hear the planes flying, I want to be there too. Yes, in the clouds, on the gages, with earphones tight on my head, mouthpiece against my lips. Center:" 232 Alpha cleared to…."Sure, just daydreaming now, but I’ve been there. Flying IFR (on the gages or now on the screens), is the ultimate type of flying. Ok, I’m not comparing it to aerobatics, but let’s just say to VFR piddling around, that can be fun but is not very challenging. Once in the clouds the visual world is history and one relies on instruments to stay upright, on course and out of trouble. It is 100% commitment to the dials or gages, as the inner ear will fail us within a minute or less without visual stimuli, resulting in an out of control airplane and almost certain death. Yes, that is part of the thrill of instrument flying, staying out of the hands of the grim reaper.

So how does one start out on an IFR flight? It starts out by obtaining a good weather briefing. This has to cover the time period of the trip, including the destination and alternate in case of bad weather. I can’t stress the importance of considering the weather enough. Once satisfied that the trip is doable, it is time to go out to the plane and do a thorough preflight. In addition to the standard, I always check the fuel in each wing tank visually, gages can lie. After completing the walk around ground check, it is into the cockpit by climbing up on the right wing, and settling into the left seat, the one I have occupied for the last several years. It is a wonderful older twin, a B-55 Baron. Well equipped, with IFR certified avionics, some deice capability and sweet to fly. The Baron, for those who haven’t had the luck to fly in one, handles like a responsive single.

After settling in I look over the instrument panel and the rest of the cockpit. Then before doing anything else I check for my instrument charts (Jepps) supplied by Jeppesen, the chart publisher. Now I’m ready to get things going.  First turn on the master switch and listen for the electrically driven gyros to spool up. Open the throttles, mixture rich and fuel pumps on until flow established. Magnetos , throttles to idle and hit the left starter.  Once the left engine is running smoothly, do the same thing for the right engine. Now turn on the avionics. Tune in ATIS(auto taxi info) and call for IFR clearance. That goes like this:” Raleigh clearance Baron 855Charlie(for C) with foxtrot for clearance”. The reply:” November 855Charlie cleared as filed, expect the Guppy one departure, contact ground control”. No more radio calls as I am running a bit too verbose.

Well, now I know that I am cleared as filed to what ever airport I requested. I contact ground control and advise them I am ready for taxi. I will be called back with taxi instructions. These can be complicated as at Boston Logan airport, and requires strict attention. Then when ready for take off call the tower and say:” Baron 855 Charlie ready for take off”.  By this time I should have my departure chart and enroute charts out and studied. The instuctions come at one quickly, and in busy terminal areas, things don’t get repeated easily. So listen carefully and anticipate the commands.

So here we go:” November 855Charlie clear for take-off, climb to 2000 feet and turn to a heading of o6o”. That’s not quite what I expected but ok, short hand it on my knee pad and off we go. Once in position at the end of the runway, I turn on the transponder and advance the throttles. A quick check of the engine instruments satisfies me things are as expected. At lift off speed, I pull back on the control column and watch the airspeed increase. My left hand finds the landing gear switch, and as I verify a positive rate of climb, I move the gear switch to the up position. The gear is up in seconds, and the plane responds accelerating smoothly to around 120 Kn. Well I am on my way.

Out of 1500 ft. we enter the clouds, initially broken, but becoming solid between 2500 and 11000ft., our final altitude. As we enter the clouds, my attention and focus is on the attitude indicator and compass all included on the HSI or horizontal situation indicator. Yes, this is the old stuff. Instrument gages, not a digital display. Now I turn on the autopilot and let it track the correct radio bearing or heading and set the altitude hold to the elected 11000 ft, and lean back and enjoy the ride. I try to recall the visual experience of flying in or around the clouds, something like bits of cotton wool dancing around and over the wings and windshield, almost spiritual at times.

 So that’s it until we reach the destination area and are handed off to approach control. Before being handed off to approach I listen to ATIS, advising me of weather and runways in use. If I like what I hear, meaning the weather is above minimums, I proceed. Otherwise I consider going to my alternate, which hopefully has better weather.  So, after being handed off to approach I switch over the avionics to the approach phase. The weather in this instance is just above minimums with a 300 foot ceiling and ¾ mile visibility. The type approach for these conditions is an ILS. This has two components: the localizer for the r/l guidance and a glideslope needle  for the vertical. This info can be coupled to the autopilot but I elect to hand fly instead, keeping the needles centered by adjusting the power, vertical trim and heading. If the needles stay centered I should be over the runway threshold in perfect landing position in about 3 ½ minutes after leaving the outer marker. (I haven’t discussed everything here by a long shot.  See this website for more details:www.navfltsm.addr.com/ils.htm). This trip everything has worked out. I successfully was able to track the localizer and glideslope to just above touchdown, and there awaiting me was the runway. One very welcome sight. After touchdown, it is taxi to the ramp and shut everything down.

I hope you enjoyed this short, fairly typical trip in instrument weather. We were lucky not to have to deal with things like turbulence, thunderstorms or ice. But we’ll deal with those on another flight.

As I Offer Advice To An Older Pilot........

As I offer advice to an older pilot who hasn’t flown seriously for quite some time, I try to choose my words carefully. Thoughts are racing through my head. From, “what , are you crazy at your age?” To  “great  give it a try, you’ll love it.”  Somewhere in between lies the right advice.  My hesitation is in part, due to the fact that I’m talking with a busy professional.  A person with lots of responsibilities, including, being the head of a large family.So, what’s the big deal? The big deal, is that I believe flying takes a certain amount of dedication. A dedication of time, money and enthusiasm. Some of these are hard to share. Time here, means time in the cockpit as well as time taken to study and think about the complexities of flying. My personal belief is that to be a good pilot, one must fly often, perhaps as frequently as once per week. The more frequently one flies, the more familiar the whole thing becomes. Just jumping in the plane after kicking the tires and doing a fast walk around is not enough.  No, after your thorough pre-flight, sit quietly and think about what you are going to do flying wise. Things to concern yourself with include: weather, flight plan if one was filed, taxi instructions if at a larger field etc. In other words, confine your thoughts to this flight and all it involves. Leave everything else behind and get ready to fly. I’ll confess though, that as I flew a lot before quitting a few years ago, I shortened some routines of the pre-flight as I flew my plane daily. But I wouldn’t suggest that the casual flyer, who rents a plane do the same.

In that vein, I will have to admit to having done some things that I was lucky to walk away from. These were done in haste, and before I adopted a more thorough approach to flying. For example, hopping in a small Cessna and starting to taxi only to hear the scrape (luckily) of a still attached tow bar. Now that was early in my flying career, and never repeated. This kind of happening only reinforces how important it is to adopt safe, reproducible routines. For example: in your walk around, not only look at the control surfaces, but move them to insure things are ok. Not only check the oil level but look inside the engine compartment as much as possible, especially in the spring to check for bird’s nests. I won’t belabor this, but you get the idea.

Well, I am getting off my pedestal. If you decide to fly, give it all you’ve got. Fly as often as you can. Pay attention to your instructor and have a good time.

Before I sign off, I'll mention two recent aviation events. The first was another Cirrus crash. This occurred in North Carolina during landing take-off practice maneuvers in clear weather. No cause as of yet. I will await the NTSB report.
The other event, involved two ATP's(airline transport pilots) flying  an airliner, distracted by a cell phone on final approach, resulting in a go around. Yes, they forgot to lower the landing gear. Use their checklist did they?? 
Finally, another FAA "breakthrough". Apparently they have now authorized the use of IPad type devices for displaying approach data and possible enroutes as well. This makes me nervous as I don't fully trust digital devices as an end all be all. They can fail. When and if they do, will you have your paper back ups?

That's it for now. Be happy and fly safely and well.

It's Nostalgia Time Again

Seeing the wheels, connecting rods and gushing steam, made me reflect not only on the old steam trains, but also on some of the older planes I used to fly. In particular, I thought of the instrument panels, so different from the present, with their round glass dials. As I mused, I wondered about the "feel" of flying on the "gages" when there are none, just digital displays. What do all those data displays mean, or where do they come from anyway?

A quick review of the glass cockpit involves mainly the PFD or primary flight display. This should depict attitude, airspeed, altitude as well as other data such as vertical speed and yaw. That's a lot on one instrument, obviating quite a bit of scanning as was previously required to obtain the same info. The point I am trying to make is that all the data previously was on individual dials and somehow made us aware of its importance by just being there. Yes, therfore one or the other bits of data represented by these dials could be overlooked as the data would not be posted in front of your nose, but might be tucked in an out of the way place. One thing that still worries me is possible screen failure. I know that there are two screens that can have the data switched back and forth. That is some comfort, as are the back-up individual old "round dials".

Finally, it's back to basics again. The recent crash of a Cessna 500 type jet in good VFR weather was just horrifying. The pilot (according to the NTSB), made two approaches, both apparently too high and probably too fast. tried to force the plane down onto the runway with disasterous results. It just can't be done fellow pilots. Whether it is a Cirrus or a 747, if there is enough air speed over the lifting surfaces to provide lift, the plane is going to want to keep flying. Here I am excluding anti-lift devices, not commonly found on smaller type planes. This poor pilot apparently tried to challenge this principle. According to the NTSB report he touched down midfield on the nose wheel, then slammed down the mains losing control of the plane, ending up in a ball of fire, killing all five occupants.

In closing, I urge all to stick to the basics of aerodynamics. Don't be a test pilot unless your name is something like Yaeger.
Remember, keep it safe.

An Article About What Ifs And How They Can Help One Deal With Tough Situations

I thought that I would try something new. Instead of dealing with particular known or actual situations I would try an lead us to anticipate and thereby fend off possible disastrous scenarios.

I’ll start off with an actual flight I had shortly before hanging up the headset for good. My chief co-pilot, my wife and I were returning to the Beaufort, NC airport at night. Although a fairly seasoned flyer at the time, she was still nervous in the right seat. The WHAT IF started with: What if we have to land in a hurry because of an engine problem? A good question, as we were flying at night in an A-36 Bonanza, a single engine plane. I thought for a bit and replied, “Just look at the Garmin GPS and note the airports.” Then I showed her how we could move the cursor to the airport symbol and get an immediate heading and distance. This helped her anxiety by keeping her busy, while accomplishing an important mission, helping keep us safe by planning ahead and thereby minimizing a What If.

Another somewhat more complex situation occurs when the weather is the prime consideration. This What If involves both pilot instrument capabilities and the amount of fuel aboard or range. Here I can relate an experience I had many years ago, before being instrument rated. Flying a Piper Cherokee with three passengers, we left Syracuse (SYR) heading for Boston (BOS). Great tailwind so time enroute a piece of cake. Weather VFR but some question at our ETA in BOS. Checking weather along the route still AOK but the KBOS forecast was getting downgraded to snow showers and some possible IFR. We kept on, passing good VFR alternates with impunity. When about 30 miles out of KBOS approach advises “BOS is IFR what are your intentions?” As I wasn’t IFR qualified I was stuck. Gulp, now what? As I looked at the fuel gages I realized that I was at about ½ full. The alternates we passed inbound to KBOS were now in and out of IFR also. So I turned around and advised approach that we were returning to Syracuse. Great except that now instead of a big tailwind we a big headwind. The long and the short of it: we just made it back to KSYR with about 20 minutes of fuel in the tanks. All alternates on the way back had become IFR.
The moral here is to assume the worst and plan for it!

Another What If I have thought of over the years is this. Suppose you are on a long flight in a single or a twin in unstable weather, ie VFR /moderate IFR that could go to low IFR at any time. Let us say that you are reasonably competent at executing an ILS approach to low minimums(200 ceiling with 1/2 mile viz). As you are talking with approach you find out that the field is closed, weather has gone to 0/0. Also there is no alternate available with in your fuel range. Just when you are starting to sweat, the engine lights start to blink a warning. What are you going to do? The only thing you can, unless you have a parachute, shoot an ILS and hope for the best. Just fly the needles and set up a low sink rate until ground contact is made. It is better to crash on the field, where help is available, then in some parking lot or farm field.

One other scenario. What If there is no ILS available. If you have an IFR certified GPS, fly it to the runway, line up and do a descent as before. The GPS accuracies are supposedly to 3 feet. Better than VOR or ADF and the parking lot. You can practice some of these things in good weather and your confidence will improve.

So you don't get caught with no options, think these hypothetical situations out ahead and plan to use them when needed. Without any plan, panic is sure to set in, with a predictable outcome.

What Ifs may never come to pass, but at least you may have thought things through before they actually occur.