Gear Down And Locked ?

Gear down and locked? I certainly hope so. If not you are headed for an LGRA (landing gear related accident). According to the FAA, they occur about six to seven times per week. These accidents almost all are done by general aviation pilots.  Interestingly according to the same author *, high timers rather than neophytes outnumber the perpetrators. Before I go into the ramifications of landing gear-up, I must point out that the majority are caused by pilot error and not mechanical failure.

Perhaps the worst thing about forgetting to put the gear down is damage that occurs to the plane and the high cost to repair it. Some examples of cost are as follows*:

                                 What insurer pays                                  Pilot owner pays

              Single engine 1990 -$40,000-65,000                     $16,000 -25,000

               Multi-engine   1990 -$80,000-145,000                 $26,000-44,000
Pretty expensive isn't it?

Of course, in addition to a bruised ego and a drained bank account, there is the loss of being able to fly your plane and the potential large increase in insurance premiums, if at all still available. Finally, the plane loses market value as it was damaged.

So how can one avoid the costly mistake of a LGRA? There really are two cases. The first is under VFR (visual flight rules) or good weather, with the pilot arriving at an airport and making a landing without the need of electronic guidance, e.g. landing at the local small airport. Usually a pilot would enter a standard traffic pattern consisting of a downwind leg, then on to a base leg and then turn onto final and land. At each of the above segments, in addition to other pre-landing checks such as proper fuel tank etc., say to yourself gear down as you manually move the gear lever to the gear lowering position. Verify that the green gear down light or lights have lit. On the base and final legs also verbally acknowledge that the gear are down and locked. I used to say “three in the green”, meaning that all three wheels were down and locked. Again on final, check three in the green and even just before touchdown once more.

The second case, as mentioned above is when making an instrument approach in bad weather. It is really almost easier to NOT forget the gear lowering procedure here. As part of an instrument landing there is always a final fix which indicates the point one has to start the descent to the runway. At this point normally the gear are lowered to facilitate descent. Again as in VFR, acknowledge that the gear are down and locked (three in the green). Do this again before touchdown.

Sounds easy doesn’t it? Well during my 40 plus years of flying I never crunched down on the fuselage, but did come close just once. I was taking a recurrent check ride in a twin. We were finishing up a simulated engine out landing about to touch down when the instructor yelled into his intercom “aren’t you going to put the gear down?”. I gulped and started to reach for the gear lever but was stopped by the instructor and told to “go around”, a safer procedure in that circumstance. After that I went back to saying “three in the green” and verifying that in fact the gear were down.

There are other errors a pilot can make. For example after landing and in a hurry to raise the flaps, one might accidentally move the gear lever into the up position rather than the flap lever**. Nothing would happen if the “squat switch” is functioning. But if it is not the gear will retract and your plane is on its belly.

Well you get the idea. An ounce of prevention, in this case four magic words, will help keep one from a belly landing. Just say it: Gear Down And Locked or Three In The Green.

Happy and Safe Landings.

*What a Gear-Up Costs –by John Doolittle, owner of Sutton James Insurance in Hartford,Conn.

**The gear lever is shaped as a wheel and the flap lever wedge shaped resembling its name. This of course is to help the pilot differentiate the two without looking.

   

Did I Use Up My Nine Lives?

Did I use up my nine lives? My wife thinks so, and I guess I do too. After I relate some of my adventures and misadventures, see what you think. Please note that several of these accounts have been previously reported.

The first of many really started way before I ever sat in a plane either as pilot or passenger. As a kid I used to ride my bike to nearby LaGuardia airport to “watch” the planes land and take-off.  I would stand as near the threshold  of runway 4 as I could, letting the planes, DC-4,6 and 3 types as well as Connies get as close to me as possible. That is until a policeman came up to me one day, and pointed to the large ruts in the bushes at the threshold area that marked where the landing planes had left their marks. They were made by the landing gear, and if I had been standing there. Ouch! After that I stood way off to the side. An early lesson l learned.

It was quite a few years later that I ended up doing the flying. When still a young inexperienced pilot flying out of Tew-Mac field north of Boston, I was supposed to be headed towards the Cape area in a Cessna 172 with several of my friends. All was well until I started seeing the mountains of New Hampshire instead of the flatter terrain south of Boston. Something wasn’t right. As I was only on a VFR flight I really hadn’t set up my navigation instruments, or really paid attention to other some things important either.This older plane, not unlike many small planes, did not have a slaved DG (directional gyro). This is the instrument that gives the pilot the magnetic heading the plane is on. As part of my pre-take-off check I had not taken the time to set the runway heading into the DG, and as a result it had been almost exactly 180 degrees off. So instead of flying south, I was heading north.  Therein was the explanation for seeing mountains instead of the ocean. Luckily I wasn’t in heavy IFR (bad weather)!

The next event, occurred years later also over northern Massachusetts, but somewhat to the west. I was flying my B-55 Baron( a light twin engine plane) from Great Barrington (GBR) to Burlington, VT (BTV). Flying VFR(visual flight rules), I was cruising at 8500 feet, without being in contact with any particular ATC facility. All of a sudden my windshield was filled with the image of a single engine plane that shot by me from my 5 o’clock position towards 10 o’clock. No time to react. The other plane, a Bonanza type had missed colliding with my plane by very little. Nothing to do but suppress a scream and wonder whether the other pilot had been asleep or reading a book while on autopilot. This was before TCAS and other anti-collision systems were available to help prevent near misses.

Finally I will relate another episode that could easily have ended with serious consequences. While a second year med student, I was able to continue to do some flying, working on achieving my instrument and commercial pilot licenses. One day some of my friends and I decided to that it would be great to visit Boston. I arranged to rent a Piper Cherokee (140 or 180). The four of us set off. Weather was VFR back in Syracuse but a bit iffy in the Boston area. Nevertheless, we departed. Great tailwind, so pilot beware. It didn’t take too long to reach the Massachusetts border, and all was well. A routine check of the weather in Boston revealed only some clouds but it was still VFR. However as we approached the Worcester area, the weather was deteriorating  rapidly enough so that I would have to make an instrument approach in Boston. Wow, how did that happen? Things can happen fast in the aviation world. As a VFR pilot I wasn’t prepared to land in bad weather. So, as Boston was I had no option but to turn around and try to land somewhere to refuel. Remember the great tailwind? Now it became a whopping headwind, knocking our groundspeed to probably about 80 to 90 knots. To add to the concern also was that now the airports such as Albany and even Utica had bad weather, only Syracuse was open to VFR traffic. Ouch! I leaned the engine as much as possible to stretch our diminishing fuel supply and crossed my fingers and maybe even prayed a bit. ATC(air traffic control) gave me advice and weather upgrades, but weren't able to advise me that the weather was legal to land for us until Syracuse. At any rate, we made it back, but just barely. When we pulled up to the pumps there couldn’t have been more than 20 minutes of flying time left. That was scary and a lesson learned for the rest of my flying career. Plan ahead for all contingencies.

Well there it is: my reflection on some events that could have had severe if not fatal outcomes. Yes, I do believe Lady Luck may have played a part here. What do you think?

An Ounce Of Prevention.........

Same old, same old, that’s what I seems to keep happening. A twin Beech turboprop takes off and loses power on one engine. Instead of flying the engine out procedure (after gear and flaps are up) the pilot just lets nature take control and crashes. Now really, you only have two options depending on the type plane, and number of engines. Fly the engine out procedure (bank towards the good engine and try to stay above stall by carefully dropping the nose) or retard the remaining good engine, or accept your job as a glider pilot if you are piloting a single and look for a spot to put the plane down. Larger commercial type planes with more power, as all airliners, are  certified to be able to fly on one engine once a minimum airspeed (V1)* has been attained on take-off.

Since I started to write this article an awful thing happened in Boston. My train of thought has been altered as I try to process all that has occurred. One of the things that emerges from the horrendous event, is that we must be more aware of our surroundings. That is not only true in public places, but also in and about our airplanes. When you do your walk around pre-flight, are you aware of all the potential hazards in your future taxi path? Are the tires inflated, and do you have any brake pads remaining? How does the oil look? When you sample your gas, is it free of water and particulates? Some of those possible hazards could have been introduced by a person rather than mother nature. Yes, we must be vigilant especially in these times.

When you are checking the oil level, including whether the oil cap is tight, take a look around. You might just find some things you weren’t expecting to find. Things like a screwdriver, an empty soda can, or worse a leaking oil or fuel line. I did find the first two items in some of the planes I flew. Significance? Maybe it tells you that a mechanic was less than careful. A leaking oil pressure line can definitely ruin your flight, as I can relate.

It happened to me when I was flying my B-55 Baron to Indiana to be sold. Prior to that, I had had an oil line leak that was “repaired”.  Well, as I taxied up to the purchasers FBO at (IND), the oil was pouring out of the left engine’s cowling. Bad timing as it cost me $5000 off the proposed sale price. The only good thing was that the oil didn’t all run out while I was in the air for the three hour flight to Indiana. Maybe if I had checked out the left engine more carefully, in my preflight, I might have found the leaking fitting ahead of time.

Moving to a different area, albeit, still on the tarmac, is the subject of taxiing. Although taxiing can be challenging, especially in a tail dragger, it is a chore that must be learned early on. As a young buck while taxiing in a 172, I remember clipping a friend’s planes wing tip with a 172’s right wing. Embarrassing and easy to do, but not bankrupting. Hitting a pile of debris with your prop on the other hand, can be expensive. Not only does it damage the prop, but also may cause internal engine problems with the crankshaft etc. So, don’t rush it, rather take the time to look and think about your flight plan and check the avionics settings. You can also listen to the aircraft chatter and learn about potential problems, especially at the bigger airports. 

While on the subject of larger airports, it is worth mentioning that it takes paying particular attention to all taxi instructions. In the busy airports, they can come at you very fast and furiously. So, listen up and anticipate. I can remember the Boston controllers talking non-stop at times. So fast in fact, that if you missed your call it was a long time before you could find a break to call up with a “say again for 855C”. If you goof however, don’t feel too badly. Even the pro’s do it. I have read numerous incidents of airliners ending up on the “active” instead of an adjacent taxiway, not someplace you want to be.

Well as the Boston horror seems to be coming to some sort of conclusion, we can start to breathe more easily. Remember that these are different times, so you must  pay more attention to all that’s going around you, both in and outside of your plane.

Take care and fly right-side up.

Comments are appreciated.

*FAA Pilot Guide To Aircraft Safety-Dealing with airliner take-off requirements (V1 speeds, rejected take-offs etc)

Do We Really Need All Those Control Towers?

This thing with yanking controllers out of airport towers is way overblown in my opinion. In fact, thinking about it makes me wonder. In the days past when I did a lot of flying, both private and commercial, I landed at a lot of uncontrolled airports and never had a problem either. Arriving VFR you listened to ATIS or just announced your intention to land on Unicom frequency and listened for other traffic. If you were on an IFR flight plan you  would receive your clearance to shoot the approach from whomever had been your contact, typically a nearby radar facility or a center controller. Anyway not a big deal if no tower on the field.
  

To give you an example of how it worked I’ll refly us through a trip from Burlington, Vt  (KBTV) to Bennington, Vt (KDDH) at night. Bennington is significant as it has a lot of high terrain around it, most of which won’t be visible in the dark ( e.g. two mountains, one 3109 feet the other 3764 feet high). They were only about five miles to the east, with others somewhat lower all around. KDDH is at an altitude of 826 feet, located in a small valley surrounded by higher terrain. After leaving Burlington in the Baron, I was cleared to the Cambridge VOR (CAM) at 7000 feet and handed over to Boston Center. The VOR was 102 miles to the south, a straight shot. At that time the approaches were by GPS or VOR. As I didn’t have GPS aboard, that left the VOR approach. This was a circle to land with a minimum descent altitude, unless it was VFR, of 1740 feet. The GPS minimum altitude the same. When I got about 25 miles north of CAM,  Boston Center me to 5000 feet and down to 3500 feet when 10 north of the VOR. When reaching 3500 feet, I was cleared  again by Center for the VOR approach to Bennington. Now this was almost a straight in approach requiring a 159 degree heading inbound from the VOR. So far, I hadn’t spoken to anyone on the ground at Bennington. I really didn’t need to.(As it was late at night, no one was there anyway). The airport recorded weather was transmitted on 122.8 or the VOR, if it was available . This was what I needed to determine whether I could land VFR or IFR. Well, it was pitch dark night, the runway six miles ahead was visible from the VOR, so this was a visual approach. The runway, a 3700 foot strip of concrete, looked about like a tombstone from this distance. (Probably similar to the deck of an aircraft carrier as viewed from the cockpit of a landing jet.)  The whole setting was a bit humbling considering the mountainous terrain so close by. Anyway the landing was uneventful, as was the departure after picking up my passenger. Again, if you followed the Jeppesen departure instructions, you would avoid any of the dangerous surrounding terrain. The instructions for departing on runway 31, the opposite of the landing direction were to make a climbing right turn direct to the CAM VOR, holding there until reaching 3500 feet in altitude, and then proceed  on course, which in this case was back to Burlington.

Easy wasn’t it? The only reason I would have found a ground controller helpful here would be in the case of pilot confusion or inexperience. Someone watching from the ground via radar, sort of holding ones hand, could help the errant aviator from flying into the mountains. But here lies the controversy. Do I want to or need to have my hand held? I really loved the independence of flying. Not being told what to do at every step of the way, as well as the challenge of learning all the lingo and techniques needed to become a competent safe pilot.

Before I sign off I will relate another *flight I made, this time into IFR weather, to evacuate an injured Lake Placid skier back to Burlington. I got the call late at night, around 2230 (1030PM) or so. As I lived about 25 minutes from the airport, it wasn’t until about 2330 that we were airborne in the Piper Navajo. I had to bring two people along, a nurse and a helper to get the injured party aboard. The weather was typical February stuff: snow showers, windy and very cold. I don’t remember getting the latest Saranac Lake (KSLK), weather ahead of time. At any rate we were cleared from BTV direct to KSLK via the Plattsburgh VOR(PSB) at 6000 feet. One had to stay on course as there again were many mountains around SLK, the highest, Whiteface Mountain at 4872 feet. There were numerous others as well, not surprising as these were all part of the Adirondacks.

Once airborne heading west, we climbed to 6000 feet and tuned in the SLK VOR. The recorded weather gave us some pause as it went something like this: ceiling 300 to 500 feet, visibility in blowing snow ¾ to 1 mile, with wind form the NW at 12 to 16 knots. Could be worse but we would definitely need to fly the ILS approach faithfully, probably to just above minimums. Minimums here were 200 and ½, pretty much as low as it gets. The approach plate called for the approach to begin at TRIKY intersection which was off the Plattsburgh VOR(KPSB). Not having an RNAV was a definite disadvantage here, as it would have saved us a jog up to KPSB. Any way from Plattsburgh it was 18.1 miles to TRIKY and we would be on the ILS localizer to KSLK. So we did all this, while staying in radio contact with Burlington. When approaching the TRIKY intersection we were handed off to Boston Center who cleared us for the approach. This meant we descended to 5600 feet until TRIKY, at the same time being tuned into the (ISLK) ILS approach. Once the localizer needle started to move we turned south until the localizer needle centered and the final heading was about 229 degrees. In three miles we were at ZECKA intersection, descending to 4300 feet to intercept the glide slope. Once the localizer and glide slope needles were centered I just tracked both inbound, utilizing the autopilot which was coupled to the ILS. I know that sounds like a lot to do, but having done it for many years made it almost automatic. We tracked the ILS signals toward the decision point, the middle marker. Before we got there, luckily the runway approach lights became visible and I felt that a landing was assured. Then I called Boston Center to advise them that we were cancelling IFR and would call on the way out. I had filed the departure back to BTV beforehand. We taxied in a few inches of powdery snow to the FBO and were greeted by an ambulance crew with the severely injured patient. After loading the stretcher aboard we departed Saranac Lake for Burlington. There again we were greeted by another ambulance that quickly unloaded the injured party and hustled him off to the hospital.

So, here are two flights, one more challenging than the other, where there were no Tower Personnel at either location. Maybe then, we should make less of a deal about losing some of these services, as I believe strongly that many are really not needed anyway. 

Thanks for visiting. Pilots pay attention to your charts. Keep your eyes and ears open, and stay off your digital distractions. Do all this and you’ll be a much safer pilot, and also have more fun flying. Try it!

*This flight was described previously in another article.

Any comments? Please feel free to, they will be appreciated. 

Icing Considerations Begin On The Ground

Flying a plane during actual or potential icing conditions, involves not only inflight weather, but what happens on the ground before take-off. Most of my flying career, the majority up north, I tended to worry most about encountering ice enroute, not usually too concerned about the first part of the trip, ie: the take-off.

By now, we should all understand the negative effects that icing has on aerodynamic lift and drag. Basically the accumulation of ice on the wings, fuselage and control surfaces, may seriously degrade performance to the point of inadvertent stall. OK, so what’s new? Mainly, that to get the plane through a safe take-off and departure, you must keep dangerous accumulations of ice from forming on your plane. If your plane is parked outside during a period of icing potential it must be checked thoroughly for any ice accumulation. Some of the articles I just read, state that a thin coating of ice only .08mm thick can cause problems. (Fellow pilots, that’s not much!)  I know I have flown with some tiny amounts of ice on the wings without bad effect. However, the plane was light and not flown near stall. Also, the type of wing design has a bearing on the negative effect of ice, e.g. the thick less inefficient airfoils are somewhat less sensitive to icing.

I just reviewed some of the latest thoughts and practice on dealing with ground accumulation of ice.* I believe the studies are aimed at the large commercial types (Airliners). The interesting things I learned were: the amount of liquid in the precipitation is key, as is the type of deicing material applied. This article gets technical, but here goes. The more liquid in the precip the more icing potential it offers and the more the pilot will have to deal with. So for example, freezing rain is more of a problem than a fairly dry snow.

Once you have decided to deice the bird, you will have to decide on what to apply or have applied. This will vary depending on whether you are at JFK or the local FBO. The topic of deicing fluids is beyond discussion here, but worth reviewing if icing is in your future. The other aspect to consider is Holdover Time, (the length of time the particular de-icing substance will prevent ice accumulation). That means you have only so many minutes after the de-icing substance is applied to safely take-off. Once airborne, your inflight de-icing systems must take over. The reason this is so important is that there have been quite a few accidents on take-off due to unappreciated ice on the wings etc. One particular case comes to mind. On Jan 13,1982, an Air Florida 727 crashed into the Potomac, after being deiced 45 minutes before take-off. That was too long (exceeding the holding time for that deice substance) with the resultant crash due to the wings losing lift, etc.

I do remember one Sunday years ago at KEQY (Monroe, NC). It was late and no one was at the FBO. My wife to be had driven me to the airport, but hadn’t intended to be a lineperson, but rather only to give me goodbye hug and kiss and head back home. Instead when we reached N340JC, a Cessna 340 (a plane I really miss), we found the wings and all else covered with a pretty thick film of ice. Well. As I indicated no help was to be found from the FBO, so we were it. I would have waited for Monday, except that I had a job to perform the next day and had to get back to eastern, NC. So we started banging on the ice covered surfaces with our gloved hands, knocking off as much ice as we could. Finally after about an hour, I deemed it clear enough to take-off. I know it wouldn’t have passed today’s standards for ice removal, but as no more was coming down, off I went. I didn’t experience any adverse effects from what was still on the plane. But, as I mentioned above, we were light. Not at gross or even near it.

So, if flying when icing is a possibility, keep in mind that de-icing considerations begin on the ramp. Your safe take-off and departure depend on a thorough inspection of the airframe and application of de-icing materials when needed. Then start your stopwatch and don’t exceed the Holding Time of the particular de-icing material applied.

*www.RAL Aircraft Ground De-icing
  www.Skybrary Aero./  Aircraft Ground/Anti-icing

 

  

New York Center New York Center Cessna 711USA Calling Mayday Mayday

“New York Center New York Center Cessna 711USA calling Mayday  Mayday”.  “Go ahead Cessna 711USA what is your emergency”?  “711USA  is losing power and cannot make it to XYZ airfield”. Cessna 711USA set transponder on 7700 and be advised we are alerting rescue services in your area. Good luck, New York out”. Well anyway you get the idea. Your engine isn’t working up to par and you’re going to crash land. If you haven’t checked the FAA accident site lately, you have missed an awful lot of reports of small airplanes crashing in the middle of nowhere.  My question for you the pilot who crashed is this: what could you have done to keep your engine running?

Before I get into some specifics, let me revisit an experience I had with a rough running engine. We were flying the A-36 enroute to Boston, just west of Harrisburgh, Pa. The engine wasn’t losing noticeable power, but just not as smooth as it had been. Playing with the mixture, mags and RPM didn’t definitely change anything. So, as we were just west of Carlisle, I decided to land there and check with the FBO. As luck would have it, a mechanic was available. After looking things over, we decided that it sounded like plugs. I decided to go ahead and replace the spark plugs. After paying a hefty bill we left Carlisle and proceeded east. That seemed to do the trick, as the engine ran smoothly once again. It brought peace of mind, and just may have averted an off field landing.

As I mentioned in the first paragraph, the number of these crashes puzzled me. Since I postulate that many of these were due to engine failures,(simply running out of fuel is not considered here), I decided to try and look for some reasons that engines malfunction in flight. Now as I am not a mechanic, I cannot discuss specifics but only look for generalities. Since the major engine manufacturers  are Continental and Lycoming (Textron), I logged onto their websites. Very interesting indeed. On the Lycoming site I found the: “Trouble Shooting Guide” for reciprocating engines. This was under the heading: Support, which also included : Publications, Training, Tips and Advice, Auth. Service Centers Etc. Each of these sub-headings had interesting, important information for the owner-operator of any type of reciprocating engine not just a Lycoming. For example, under Trouble Shooting were discussions  of causes for power loss: abnormal oil pressures, unusual  fuel flows, loss of ability to climb etc. Maybe, if an interested pilot went to this web site and read some of the info there, they might avoid an inflight engine failure from happening. Remember the old military mantra: an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.

The other website I visited, Continental Motors, didn’t seem to offer as much to the pilot, but did list mandatory service bulletins for the various engine models. Some were crucial as they involved the magnetos and other key parts or systems. Certainly it seems worth reviewing on a regular basis for one’s particular engine type.

Before I sign off, I would like to pass on a tip offered on the Lycoming site. They suggested keeping records of various engine parameters, such as various temperatures, pressures etc. in a notebook. This should be done on a regular basis and comparisons made each time.  By doing this, you may be able to detect a problem before it becomes a serious one. This was discussed under Tips and Advice, worth reviewing.

So fellow pilots. It’s in your hands to keep up to date on your airplane (not just the engine as discussed here). Airplanes are complicated things, and deserve your utmost attention and respect, or eventually you may not make it to your destination.

 

Deadly Private-Plane Crashes On The Increase

Flying by private-pilots isn’t getting any safer (better?). According to Bloomberg News (Deadly Private-Plane Crashes Prompt U.S. Call For Basics, June 19,2012), the crash rate on private-pilots is up 20 percent since 2000, contrasting with an 85% drop in accidents of commercial jet liners (good). Looks as if private-pilots need to do a lot better, and here goes more supporting data. The accident rate for all GA (General Aviation) is 7/100,000 from 2007-2010. Private pilots, mostly small single engine a/c, averaged 12/100,000 crashes. They go onto say: over 12 times higher than the average rate for other types of GA flying. And to continue, even worse news: the rate of deadly wrecks in private flying has grown faster than the accident rate as a whole, up 25% since 2000. Do you wonder why insurance premiums have risen?

The article continues: many GA accidents resulted from inattention to basics. (Reminds me of my article suggesting that pilots are distracted by things in the cockpit like cell phones, tablets etc.). Pilots have overloaded planes, failed to check the weather, and made errors that caused the planes to lose lift and/or going out of control. This latter cause was found to be the case in most accidents by the FAA and the GA Joint Steering Committee. Not very encouraging data is it? Pilots you can do better! Start by going back to basics. Pay attention to attitude, airspeed and the weather for starters, rather than staring at the GPS screen instead of the glideslope and localizer (when IFR).

Finally, I want to report and offer suggestions how to avoid the most frequent type of airline accident, the runway overrun after a botched approach. This was reported in the WSJ on 12/19/12. Hey fellow pilots, it pertains to all of GA as well, even though I don’t have the stats particularly for private-pilots.

Of all the GA overrun accidents I have read about on the NTSB website, this one stands out in my memory. A Cirrus landing in VFR weather, on a reasonable length paved runway, just couldn’t put the plane down on the tarmac and tried to force it with resulting “wheel barrowing”. The plane still had enough airspeed (energy) to want to keep on flying, which it did, into a building. All were killed. It is so important to pay attention to airspeed and attitude on final. Too fast, steep or shallow an approach can end up as they did, unless you recognize your error and if you can’t correct things in time, add power and go around. The other consideration is where you touch down on the runway. Somewhere in the first 25% of the runway makes good sense. In good VFR, shoot for the runway numbers. I used to do that even in my twins. That should insure that you have plenty of runway left to decide whether you can stop or not. Remember that small planes don’t have the greatest braking capability. So PLAN AHEAD!

A topic I want to tackle in the future is limits pilots should adhere to in single engine IFR flight conditions. Another is looking into reasons for engine failures in light planes, as there seems to be so many reported on the FAA accident website.

That’s it for now. Have a good holiday and watch out for Santa’s sleigh. See you next year.